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2561 kaklik 1 \documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside]{article}
2 \usepackage[colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
3 \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
4 \usepackage[english]{babel}
5 \usepackage{graphicx}
6 \usepackage{pdfpages}
7 \textwidth 16cm \textheight 25cm
8 \topmargin -1.3cm
9 \oddsidemargin 0cm
10 \pagestyle{empty}
11 \begin{document}
12 \title{SDR meteor detector}
13 \author{Jakub Kákona, kaklik@mlab.cz }
14 \maketitle
15  
16 \begin{abstract}
17 Construction of software defined radio meteor detector with possibility of advanced signal processing.
18 \end{abstract}
19  
20 \begin{figure} [htbp]
21 \begin{center}
3104 kaklik 22 \includegraphics [width=80mm] {./img/meteor_detector_station.JPG}
2561 kaklik 23 \end{center}
24 \end{figure}
25  
26 \begin{figure} [b]
3104 kaklik 27 \includegraphics [width=25mm] {./img/SDRX01B_QRcode.png}
2561 kaklik 28 \end{figure}
29  
30 \newpage
31 \tableofcontents
32  
33 \section{Technical parameters}
34 \begin{table}[htbp]
35 \begin{center}
36 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|p{5cm}|}
37 \hline
38 \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{Parameter} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{Value} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{Note} \\ \hline
39 Powering voltage for analogue part & $\pm$12V & 50mA \\ \hline
40 Powering voltage for digital part & +5V & 300mA \\ \hline
3104 kaklik 41 Bias of optional LNA & 9V & 500 mA maximum \footnote{Fused by 750mA on the reciver board} \\ \hline
42 Frequency range & 0,5 - 200 MHz & Usually working at 143.05 MHz \\ \hline
2561 kaklik 43 Gain & 90dB & Selectable by jumper and LNA configuration \\ \hline
44 Self noise number & $<$ 30dB & \\ \hline
45 \end{tabular}
46 \end{center}
47 \end{table}
48  
49 \newpage
50 \section{Introduction}
51  
2588 kaklik 52 The detection of meteors by radio is most readily accomplished by a method known as "forward scatter". This technique usually exploits the existence of a VHF radio transmitter intended for some other purpose (such as historically analogue radio or TV broadcasting) and which is preferably situated some way beyond the optical horizon so that the direct signal does not desensitise the receiving equipment. The radio signal reflects mainly from the ionised meteor trail as it forms and dissipates, causing a brief signal to be heard on or close to the transmitter frequency. The trails form in the ionosphere (i.e., the upper atmosphere) at a height of about 100 $\pm$ 20 km.
2561 kaklik 53  
54 Direct reflection from the meteoroid itself is not so readily detected. Meteoroids are not necessarily reflective at radio frequencies, they are usually small (0.05 - 200mm) and they generally enter the ionosphere at supersonic velocities. Thus the direct signal is usually weak; and the initial Doppler shift is large, making it difficult to associate the signal with the transmitter. Sometimes however, a Doppler shifted signal is observed to slew onto or across the transmitter frequency at the beginning of the detection event. This is the reflection from the ball of plasma surrounding the meteoroid (as opposed to the trail left behind), and is known as the "head echo".
55  
56 The term "radar" is sometimes used to describe the forward scatter detection method. Note however, that 'radar' is an acronym for 'radio direction and ranging' and so, although distance and direction information can be extracted from data aggregated from an array of receivers, a single receiver installation does not constitute a radar system. A single receiver can only strictly report an estimate of the number of meteoroids which enter the ionosphere in the region illuminated by the chosen radio transmitter. Other interesting aspects of the meteor strike can be inferred from the recorded signals, but apparently obvious information, such as the relationship between signal strength and meteoroid mass is complicated by issues such as signal polarisation, trajectory and transmitter coverage.
57  
58 One advantage of radio detection is that it works when the sky is light or when the sky is dark but overcast. By choosing a sufficiently powerful host transmitter, it also possible to record meteors which are too faint for the human eye even in the darkest and clearest conditions. A figure of between 2 and 10 times as many meteors as can be seen by visual observation under ideal conditions is sometimes quoted; but this must depend on the transmitter power and radiation pattern.
59  
60 \section{Description of construction}
61  
2588 kaklik 62 This construction of radio meteor detector uses France GRAVES space-surveillance radar. The radar has transmitting power of several megawatts at frequency 143.05 MHz.
2561 kaklik 63  
64 \subsection{Antenna}
65 The detector station usually uses modified ground plane antenna. Adjusted in angle of 30$^\circ$ to East this configuration seems to be optimal to detecting stations in the Czech Republic.
66  
67 \begin{figure} [htbp]
68 \begin{center}
69 \includegraphics [width=80mm] {./img/GP143MHz.JPG}
70 \end{center}
2588 kaklik 71 \caption{Antenna used at detection station}
2561 kaklik 72 \end{figure}
73  
74 The received signal from antenna is amplified by specially constructed LNA. This step is needed for feeding the signal trough relative long (several metres) coax RG58. Construction of LNA01A is described on MLAB project site.
75  
76 \subsection{SDR receiver}
77  
78 The SDR receiver used is MLAB system SDRX01B direct sampling receiver. This receiver has ideal performance for UHF and lower band radioastronomy. So this receiver can be used even for radio meteor detection.
79  
80 \begin{figure} [htbp]
81 \begin{center}
82 \includegraphics [width=80mm] {./img/meteor-detector_receiver.JPG}
83 \end{center}
2588 kaklik 84 \caption{Example of meteor detector receiver setup}
2561 kaklik 85 \end{figure}
86  
87  
88 \begin{figure} [htbp]
89 \begin{center}
2588 kaklik 90 \includegraphics [width=150mm] {./img/zakladni_schema.png}
2561 kaklik 91 \end{center}
2588 kaklik 92 \caption{Schematic drawing of complete meteor detector}
2561 kaklik 93 \end{figure}
94  
95  
96 \subsection{Time synchronisation}
97  
2588 kaklik 98 Time synchronisation has crucial importance in any modern science measurement. There is possibility of using many synchronisation techniques. Such as NTP or GPS (see for our article at for our experiences)
2561 kaklik 99  
100 Suggested method for time synchronisation of a measuring station depends on level of desired information which would be obtained from meteor reflection event.
101  
102 For example: If we need hour count data only. We can use PC system time without any synchronisation. But if we have one more station and we would like to compare data with another stations then NTP syncing would be good choice. Highest level is trail parameters determination which need true radar signal processing and most precise time synchronisation which could be achieved by GPS receiver.
103  
104 \begin{figure}[htbp]
105 \begin{center}
2588 kaklik 106 \includegraphics [width=150mm] {./img/colorgram.png}
2561 kaklik 107 \end{center}
2588 kaklik 108 \caption{Example of measured hourly count of meteor showers}
109 \end{figure}
2561 kaklik 110  
111 \section{Software setup}
112  
113 For simple PC based monitor station we are using SpectrumLab software with our configuration and detection script.
114  
3104 kaklik 115 Local oscillator of SDRX01B is a CLKGEN01B module with frequency tuning controller PIC18F4550v01A can be set up from PC or can be programmed for fixed start up frequency. If fixed start up frequency is correctly saved the only step for tuning the LO is provide power trough USB cable from PC and then press the RESET button of tuning microcomputer module. After that the LO shout be tuned on saved start up frequency. This frequency can be changed by
2561 kaklik 116  
117 \begin{thebibliography}{99}
3104 kaklik 118 \bibitem{Spectrum_lab}{Spectrum Lab}
2561 kaklik 119 \href{http://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/spectra1.html}{http://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/spectra1.html}
120  
3104 kaklik 121 \bibitem{Radio_meteor_detection}{Radio Meteor Detection}
2588 kaklik 122 \href{http://www.gb2nlo.org/index.php/articles/meteordet}{http://www.gb2nlo.org/index.php/articles/meteordet}
2561 kaklik 123  
3104 kaklik 124 \bibitem{meteor_distance}{Meteor distance parameters}
2588 kaklik 125 \href{http://www.amsmeteors.org/richardson/distance.html}{http://www.amsmeteors.org/richardson/distance.html}
2561 kaklik 126  
2588 kaklik 127  
128  
129  
2561 kaklik 130 \end{thebibliography}
131 \end{document}